Last week, we could not have the lecture on the 27th of October because of the strike in the lecture hall C1.

 

Last week, Mr. Professor wanted to talk about bad style in the academic writing.

Do never use such a phrase in your academic essays:

In this paper I am going to show you that......This is a bad style.

Instead of using such sentences in your paper, use hedges. Hedge means uncertain phrases.

Say:

 

It could be appropriate to say

It could be argued that

It might be possible to say

It would  be the indicator of the fact ....

 

 

Something is more likely to...

It would perhaps be seen as....

This emphasizes the importance....

This appears to indicate....

This appears be made up.....

It can be described.....

....can be enacted.

It could be that.....

One can argue that.....

Arguably (possibly).....

 

Do not use personal pronouns such as: We could argue that. Instead of using personal pronouns use passive voice and it clefts as mentioned above.

 

Now I will write about Kew Gardens.

KEW GARDENS (1921)

 

Virginia Woolf is a modern, feminist and a skillful writer.

In the Kew Garden the point of view is important. This text is highly interesting as regards the point of view. Sometimes you have close distance to the things that are being talked about and sometimes you have long distance.

 

Brown Cliffs: Earth

Green Lakes: Grass

 

There is a change of narrative distance in terms of space not in terms of time in the Kew Gardens.

Zooming in the object and see what you can see about the snail. There is a shifting perspective in this text, but what is the function of this way of narration?

Attention to details is one of the functions of this zooming narration. We get the feeling of situation and what the surroundings are like. There is close attention to detail.

It is a short story about lazy Sunday afternoon in a garden. She describes how people talk.  She wants us to see nature in a different way. There is an alienation effect.  Slipping to the perspective of the snail. In this text there is love of nature. She is observing things, nature closely. Behind that great love of nature, great details and seemingly unimportant things are described. Nevertheless they are part of our reality.

 

Close observation is the indicator of love of nature and creation. Paying attention to insignificant things like a snail and a grasshopper. Virginia Woolf is sort of observing nature very closely.

In the text angular green insect could be a grasshoper.

 

In this short story, she uses personal pronoun "it" for the snail, then she refers to the snail as he.

It is Anthropomorphization. It means to make something similar to a human being.

 

Brown cliffs.... Perspective point of view creates reality.  Narrative perspective creates reality. Fiction creates reality. Fiction does not just mirror or copy reality but it creates reality.

 

In the text, when the sentence with brown cliffs starts, we encounter suddenly a different topic. From this point on, text jumps into the perspective of snail. We have a change of point of view. Texts can shift point of views. Narrator can change perspective either for a moment or whole chapter.

 

Kew Gardens is a text of a lot of detail. In the first line of the short story, whose shell had been stained red refers to the colour. Rain drops break the light and broken lights appear on his shell at this colour.

 

In the text: surfaces of a thin crackling texture refers to old leaves or needles of pur trees. In this case they are brown  and dried leaves.

 

Brown cliffs with deep green lakes in the hollows. Hollows means low parts.

round boulders of grey stone--->boulder=a very large rock  pebble=a smooth, round stone that is found in or near water.

circumvent  means go around

arched tent of a dead leaf---->this is the perspective of the snail. This is an alienation effect. Is it possible for a human being to call a leaf a tent? But it is possible for a snail. From the perspective of the snail, a leaf can be a tent. This is called alienation effect.

 

with its antennae trembling as if in deliberation-----deliberation means having a goal.

In the last line of the text to breat it there means go for it.

 

Brown cliffs---> Perspective point of view creates reality. Narrative perspective creates reality. Fiction creates reality. Fiction does not just mirror or copy reality, but it creates reality.

 

On the whole, this is a text of a lot of detail.

 

PAMELA

Pamela was written by Samuel Richardson in 18th Century. It ist he first novels of letters. It was entirely written in the forms of letters. It is a novel of 800 pages. In the novel, Pamela is telling us what she experiences over the day. Squire B has only one aim. The only thing he wants is to bed her.

This novel is one oft he pornographic novels in the history of English Literature although Richardson was a religious man. Richardson was a puritan.

On page 12 of the reader

Stake: somebody is burned on a stake.

Highway interment: people commited suicide were burried in the highway interment.

Interment:  the act of burying a dead body, burial

Graple with them: deal with them

 

Pamela: The narrator of Pamela ist he first person narrator. Pamela is the heroine of this first person narration. The more specific term is : I as protagonist narration.

Paratoganist: the most important character in a play, film or story. Main character.

The opposite of I as protagonist narration is I as witness narration. In I as witness narration, the person who narrates is not protagonist but the witness. In Pamele, Pamela is herself the heroine and she narrates us what she lived over the day.

Function of such a perspective: I as protagonist narration: This text is able to transport Pamela's innermost feelings. The text conveys us what she is thinking in this very moment.  This moment is very important moment in her life, because she is almost willing to commit suicide.  She is in hesitation of should I kill myself or shouldn't I kill myself.  She says no. I will not kill myself, because it is a sin, and God is against suicide. Here we are dealing with a dramatic moment.  Sheer drama is going in the mind of Pamela. Sheer means  very large, big in size.

If somebody looking from outside  narrated us the the events she lived over the day, the narration  would never be able to transport the drama in her mind.  I as protagonist means: Let us look into her mind. We see her thoughts. We see the drama whether she should kill herself or not. We also participate while reading it. That is, we take part in an her story. Pamela ist he first psyhological novel.We find out what is going on in human's psyche. Psyche means: someone's mind or their deepest feelings which control their attitudes or behavior.

In Pamela we can talk about :

1.       Narrated Time                            2. Narrative Time

Narrated Time: Whole scene comes in a few minutes in this case. Pamela coming out, sitting near the pond and telling us her thoughts. In Robinson  Crusoe  narrated time is more than 20 years.

 

Narrative Time: In the evening of each day, she writes the things she lived. In this novel, difference between narrated time and narrative time is 5 or 6 hours. Crusoe writes after 28 years, but Pamela writes every evening. If the distance between narrated time and narrative time is very small, memory might be more exact.  It means, you still remember everything.

 

To persecute = to follow somebody. Squire B is trying to get a kiss from Pamela.

Distressed creature = Pamela herself

Instigation = what devil whisper's in your ears.

Soothing : make mild, make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset or angry.

 

Pamela is sitting and writing letters to her family in the evenings.  One letter comes after the other. Letters are written in the first person point of view.  An example of this: I did this, I did that. We call it first person perspective. In the selected passage of the novel, Pamela tries to escape from the house of Squire B. She is locked, she is a prisoner, but she escapes and she comes to the pond side.

 

In the text, we see severeal times oh. It ist he sign of emotion. Style carries a lot of emotions and exclamation. Those ohs are the are the indicator of emotion.  In Crusoe style wouldn't show much emotionality, because so much time passed over his experiences. In Pamela, emotions are transported day by day. They are still fresh and there. Time influences the style and whole representation of whole reality. Style is characterized by emotionality. The use of personal pronoun thou indicates the archaic style. This is also the style of Bible. She is having religious thoughts in this passage. Writing in the style oft he Bible tells us about the intentions of Pamela and Richardson. She remembers the God's lows and she doesn`t kill herself.

 

Stilus Gravis or Stilus Sublimus--à High Style

Stilus Humilisàlow style. It is what you find in many contemporary dramas . They use cockney dialect.

In Pamela, temporal distance is not too much and we have a highly emotional style.

In Pamela we have first person I as protagonist narration.  I as witness narrator could not tell us about Pamela's most secret feelings. Narration creates a narrative sort of reality. Texts create their own kinds of reality.

Narrative situation: Pamela sitting down and writing what she did during the day.

Narrated situation: She sits and the pond.

First person is a subjective narrator. He or she looks at the situation from his or her eyes.

THE END

 

 

Anthropo morphisation = Human form

Hedging: Do never say: I am showing

Say: I am trying to show.

It might be argued that

It could be argued

This fact seems to indicate

I attempt to show

 

What is narrative fiction? What kind of texts do we deal with?

Narrative fiction describes something.  It describes life, people, processes,events. Usually a narrative fiction is a prose but sometimes it is a verse epic.

Chains of events are called story. Or sequence of events are called story.

Narrate means: tell a story.  Narrative fiction tells a story, narrates a story.

In drama you have a stage. It is not told, but it is shown.

Poetry: Feelings and thoughts are expressed. Poetry is not a story.

Ballad is in between story and poem. It is in the style of a longer poem, but it has a content which resembles to story. Ballads are more often in the realms of narrative fiction.

In Narrative fictions a narrator tells us the story? In every narrative text we have to have a narrator. Narrator ist he voice which conveys the story to us. It is not the same as the author. It is a fictional institution in between.

Who ist he narrator? Who is speaking? This ist he crucial question and you have to answer this question.

What is his or her perspective? The perspective oft he narrator?

He or she hast wo different types of perspectives basically.

1)      A)Overall unlimited perspective

2)      B)Limited perspective

In the Kew Gardens: Kew Garden is a botanical garden. In the story perspective shifts. People talk and walk, etc. and look onto the flowers. It is bird`s eyeview and very unlimited. Suddenly perspective changes. The perspective changes tot he tiny perspective oft he snail. Of course the perspective of

the snail is limited.

Function oft he literary texts: Form-content relationship.

Literary texts are designed on purpose. There is a communicative intent behind the literary texts.  What could be the function in the Kew Gardens as the perspective changes from people`s neutral bird eyeview to the snail`s limited perspective?

The perspective changes in ordert o involve the reader into the narrative and to experience things from different angles.

In the exam: We have got a 3rd person narrator. The perspective changes by means of pronouns. It might be argued that the change in the form of perspective is done, to attract the reader`s attention and to have a look at the things from different angles.

Dr. Watson is an I as witness narrator.

In the Kew Gardens we have a 3rd person narrator. They, he, she , it --à 3rd person pronouns.

In Kew Gardens the narrator ist he one who is not the part of their own story.

Either you tell a story in which you play a role. Then you are a first person narrator. Of course first person narrators will use 3rd person pronouns.

3rd person narrator is also called authorial narrator. Heterodiegetic narrator.

1st person narrator is homodiegetic narrator.

 

                                                      Limited                                                                 unlimited

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1st person  narrator                      Pamela                                      

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3d person narrator                In Kew Gardens, the limited

 

Experiencing self : 5 years ago drinking at the bar

Narrating self: who is writing his story.

Pamela: Epistollary novel ----Form is epistollary novel. It hast he form of a letter.

In Pamela experiencing self is so dominant that it can limit herself.

Crusoe: Unlimited, because the scope is much larger.

Pamela is immediate. If you are psyhologically detached from your experiences then you are unlimited. Crusoe says: How foolish I was at those times. He knows that he was  wrong. Pamela is still involved under influence oft he events, and she cannot see the things logically.

Peter Green writes historical novels.

In inner monologues we still have complete sentences.

Stream of consciousness: no full gramatical sentences. Just words or images.

 

HENRY FIELDING

I have told……but--à 3rd person narrator and very unlimited. He can read minds. He knows everything.

3rd person omniscient--àcompletely unlimited point of view.

1st person narrator: narrator is a character. Author is in the real world.

Autobiography is not narration, not fiction. It is not a story.

 

non-fiction /ˌnɒnˈfɪk.ʃ ə n/ /ˌnɑːn-/ noun [ U ]

writing that is about real events and facts, rather than stories which have been invented

fiction /ˈfɪk.ʃ ə n/ noun

1. [ U ] the type of book or story which is written about imaginary characters and events and not based on real people and facts

The book is a work of fiction and not intended as a historical account.

a writer of children's fiction

ˌ science ˈ fiction noun [ U ] ( informal sci-fi , also SF )

books, films or cartoons about an imagined future, especially about space travel or other planets

a science-fiction novel/story