17 March 2009
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the forty-fourth President of the United States, Barack Obama, and the first African-American
First Lady of the United States.
Michelle Obama is a cultural icon. People
try to imitate her. Those people that you want to imitate, have power over you. People try to imitate her. She is like Jackie Kennedy.
in 1959 Hawai joined the US( US is the British English usage, and U.S. is the American English usage)
Before then, there were 49 states. With Hawai the number of the states became 50.
Hawaii became the 50th state on August 21st, 1959.
Amerigo Vespucci discovered Venezuella and named Venezuella.
From internet: Naming of America
The earliest known use of
the name America for the continents of the Americas dates from 1507. It appears on a globe and a large map created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. An accompanying book, Cosmographiae
Introductio , explains that the name was derived from the Latinized version of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, Americus Vespucius, in its feminine form, America (as the other continents all
have Latin feminine names). (The Italian name Amerigo is a form of the Germanic name Haimirich, meaning "ruler of the home", from the German words haim "home" and rich "powerful"). Christopher
Columbus, who had first brought the continent's existence to the attention of Renaissance era voyagers, had died in 1506 and could not protest Waldseemüller's decision. Click here
We have talked about the political situation in Europe in the 16th and 17th
centuries.
Henry VIII broke with the Pope. He wanted to divorce his wife, but the Pope said no. This was the
official reason.
The unofficial reason was that Pope took 10% of the trade incomes.
From internet: 1) King Henry the VIII wanted a divorce because he was unable to produce a male
heir. In those days, the pope routinely granted divorces to monarchs in that predicament. Since the pope was related to King Philip of Spain, who was planning to conquer England, Henry VIII figured
that by denying him a divorce, the pope was denying him an heir and undermining England in favor of Spain. The pope also neglected to appoint bishops to fill vacancies in England. This drained
England of cash, because if a diocese had no bishop, the church income went to Rome instead of staying in the country. So Henry VIII suspected that the pope was weakening England to prepare it for
Spanish takeover. In addition, the English government, not Rome, was obligated to pay the salaries of clergy, who were in oversupply. This situation depressed the English economy and made it
financially impossible for Henry VIII to build ships to defend his country against the Spanish invasion.
The break from Rome made the Archbishop of Canterbury the spiritual head of the Church of England and the king became its secular head.
Henry VIII authorized the archbishop to fire the surplus clergy and to start the process of consecrating bishops to fill any vacancies. He also stopped the flow of church money to Rome. These actions
revived the economy and gave him the wherewithal to build a fleet of ships to fight the Spanish Armada. As the crisis approached, Henry VIII wanted all England on its knees, praying for the safety of
the nation. Therefore, he gave the Archbishop of Canterbury the task of translating the liturgy from Latin into English. The first part to be done was the Great Litany, a national prayer of
repentance and deliverance. The entire nation breathlessly feared the retribution of God, until the Spanish Armada was defeated. Click here
2)The reformation of
the church under Henry VIII was sparked both by personal desire* and by political concern* about the succession.
When Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, Henry responded by enacting legislation which limited papal
jurisdiction and revenues in England. In February of 1531 the Commons acknowledged the king as their "only and supreme lord and, as far as the law of Christ allows, even supreme head." In the Act of
Supremacy* of 1534, the caveat "as far as the law of Christ allows" was deleted. Click here
3.First and foremost,
it wasn't really Henry's intention to start a "new church". In fact, during Henry's time, the Protestants did not really view themselves as a new church either -- they just wanted to reform the "old
church". Henry envisioned a kind of Catholicism without the Pope -- and how the Church of England came to be a separate, and ultimately Protestant, establishment, is the result of the struggle of
many decades between the religious conservatives and the reformers.
The
immediate cause of Henry's breakaway from the Pope was so that he could get a divorce from his aging wife, Catherine of Aragon, who had failed to produce a male heir. Theoretically, it was not
impossible for him to get an annulment on some bogus grounds, but for purely political reasons, it was impossible. Catherine's nephew, Charles, was the King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor, and
the Pope had a lot more to fear from HIM than from Henry -- after all, at that time, England was a minor power, while Charles' empire was both geographically closer and militarily much stronger. The
ugly fate of Boniface VIII is a stark illustration of what powerful rulers could do to a Pope who crossed them.
The larger political reasons (perhaps less immediately urgent for Henry, but certainly very significant for his advisors) included the
necessity of countering Emperor Charles' influence over European politics. In undermining Rome, Henry was also undermining Charles. The culture was also changing. The 16th century was the beginning
of nation-states in Europe, and many political theorists and statesmen began to view supranational powers, such as the Pope, meddling in temporal politics and even countries' internal affairs, with
great suspicion (I don't think they would like our UN, either). The idea of the Pope determining matters of royal succession was fundamentally contrary to the evolving concept of national
sovereignty.
Plus, lest we forget, the religious reformers of course wanted a
break with Rome in order to wean the English church from what they saw as Roman corruption. Click here
His Daughter Mary I
married Philipp II of Spain who was the most powerful monrach in Europe. She reintroduced catholisizm again.
From
internet: Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered
for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake
in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. Click here
After MaryI died, Elizabeth I (Virgin Elizabeth) became the Queen.
From internet: Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of
Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry
VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed three years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her brother, Edward VI, cut her out of the succession.
His will, however, was set aside, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister, the Catholic Mary, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting
Protestant rebels. Click here
From the lecture:
Ivan the Terrible of Russia wanted to marry her, but as Elizabeth I was sterile, he relinquieshed from marrying her. Because she could not give him heirs. For more information about
English- Russian relations : click here
Pope Gregory XIII wanted to marry the Virgin Queen because of her money. At those times popes
were allowed to marry.
Virgin Queen was not virgin, she was only sterile. For more information about her
click here
In 7 June 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed between Spain and
Portugal.
From internet: The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de
Tordesillas), signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), June 7, 1494, divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north-south meridian 370
leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on
his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty
was ratified by Spain (at the time, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon), July 2, 1494 and by Portugal, September 5, 1494. The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty
of Saragossa or Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on April 22, 1529, which specified the anti-meridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Originals of both treaties are kept
at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal.[1] Click here
In the 15th century
Brazil was a Portuguese posession. Portuguese were catholics. No one could colonize the North America, because there were no good maps pertaining to the North America., and the northern sides
of Florida.
Sir Walter Raleigh colonized the northern parts of Florida and named this area after the Virgin Queen. The
newly colonized area was called Virginia as Queen Elizabeth I was also known as the Virgin Queen. Sir Raileigh sent there farmers, soldiers, people to colonoize Virginia.
For more information about Sir Walter Raileigh : Sir Walter Raleigh or Ralegh[1] (c. 1552 – 29 October 1618), was a famed English writer,
poet, soldier, courtier and explorer.
Raleigh was born to a Protestant family
in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Little is known for certain of his early life, though he spent some time in Ireland, in Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath,
taking part in the suppression of rebellions and participating in two infamous massacres at Rathlin Island and Smerwick, later becoming a landlord of lands confiscated from the Irish. He rose rapidly
in Queen Elizabeth I's favour, being knighted in 1585, and was involved in the early English colonisation of the New World in Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth
Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without requesting the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his
estate at Sherborne, Dorset.
In 1594 Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in
South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of El Dorado. After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again
imprisoned in the Tower, this time for allegedly being involved in the Main Plot against King James I who was not favourably disposed toward him. In 1616, however, he was released in order to conduct
a second expedition in search of El Dorado. This was unsuccessful and the Spanish outpost at San Thomé was ransacked by men under his command. After his return to England he was arrested and after a
show trial held mainly to appease the Spanish after Raleigh's attack of San Thomé, he was beheaded at Whitehall. Click here
Pope Alexander VI was
Spanish, and for that reason he gave the newly discovered continent to Spain. Spanish Pope Alexander VI divided America between Spain and Portugal.
From Internet:Treaty of Tordesillas. This treaty was signed by Spain and Portugal. It gave
Spain the non-christian lands in North America and South America. But in exchange, Portugal received all of Spain's African territory. The only exception to this rule was that Portugal got modern-day
Brazil. Every other country was mostly unaffected by the treaty.
In 1493,
after Columbus' voyage to the New World, Pope Alexander VI issued the decree "Inter caetera II" which divided the world from the North to the South Pole and granted Spain title to all lands to be
discovered west of the line to assist in "the expansion of the Christian rule." Click here
Spain could not allow England in Las
Indias. For that reason in 1588, Spain attacked Britain .
There are 2 reasons
why England won:
1)The wind.Shakespeare calls it as the protestant wind.
2)Dutch people invented explosives. Spanish people did not have explosives. Dutch protestans helped England, and Spanish Armada was
burnt.
Elizabeth I died in 1603. In 1607, four years after her death,
Jamestown colony was founded in Virginia.
In 1603, James VI of Scotland, became the James I of England and Scotland. He
was from Stuarts.
James I was the king of Scotland, England and Ireland.
Queen Elizabeth II today is the queen of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.In 1920 Ireland got separeted into 2
pieces.
GB= Scotland +England
UK= GB+
Northern Ireland.
Jamestown colony is the first British colony in the
U.S.
About the lost colony from internet:The Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island
in Dare County in present-day North Carolina was an enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia
Colony. Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but either abandoned the settlement or disappeared. The final group of colonists disappeared after three years elapsed
without supplies from England during the time when England was at war with Spain, leading to the continuing mystery known as "The Lost Colony". The most likely explanation is that they were
assimilated into one of the local indigenous tribes. For internet link click
here
This colony`s leader was John White. He was an artist. During the lecture we saw some of his watercolors. On that watercolors, we saw the plantations for food on the Roanoke Island.
On the right side you can see one of the images which was painted by him.
At
the east coasts of the U.S. there is woodland culture. For more information :This culture consisted of Native American tribes inhabiting the eastern United States and Canada. The Eastern Woodlands
were moderate-climate regions roughly from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and included the Great Lakes. This huge area boasted ample rainfall, numerous lakes and rivers, and great forests. The
rich earth and forests from the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico comprised the southeastern part of the Eastern Woodlands. This culture region abuts the Plains Culture to the west and the Subarctic
Culture to the north.
The Eastern Woodlands' original inhabitants were the first the European colonists met. From the
beginning, the settlers adopted many of the natives' proven methods and paraphernalia, including deerskin clothing.
Fir internet link click here
Again from the lecture:
The Roanoke Island is settled 100-150 miles (200km) away from James Town. The natives whom were living on the Raonake island were Secotan people. The village of Secotan was there when the white Europeans came onto the island.
We can say the culture in the east coasts of North America is woodland culture.
As Mr. Professor jumps from topic to topic, I will write about Pokahantas
again. Pokahantas dressed half of the body, and she had no underwear. It was winter when they met. In the tribe, only married women were allowed to grow hair.
For a nice explanation about Pokahantas from her mouth click here
As we have to talk about the picture which is Princess Pokahantas`s picture, she is fully dressed from chin to toe, because it was possible that on her chest there was a tattoo. Indian chiefs were tattoed on their bodies as a sign of being the chief. Most probably Pokahantas had a tattoo on her chest as she was the daughter of the Chief. If her chest had been painted naked in the painting, most probably Brisith people were going to see the tattoo. That is why, she is fully dressed.
Extra Information:
Distance between Norfolk and Roanoke is 210 miles or 337.89 Kilometers.
about 30 miles (48 km) downstream from Jamestown in a rural section of Norfolk County
In 1607, John Smith returns home,and Pokahantas marries somebody.
The collonists of the Jmestown kidnapped Pokahantas, because eight collonists were kidnapped by Powhatans. Chief Powhatan told the white collonists to keep her.
John Ralf asked the governer of Virginia whether he could marry her. In 1614, the permission was given, and Pokahantas was baptised as Rebecca. In 1615, their son Thomas was born. In 1616 journey to London. In march 1617 on a return journey she died, and she was buried in a churchyard in Gravesend, Kent.
Internet:
Pocahontas and her family stayed in England for seven months. They prepared to return to Jamestown. But
Pocahontas became sick with smallpox. She died from the disease. She was buried in Gravesend, England. She
was twenty-two years old.
Her son, Thomas Rolfe, was raised
in England. When he was twenty, he returned to Virginia. He lived as a settler
in his mother's native land. He married
and had a daughter. Through Thomas Rolfe, a number of famous
Virginians have family ties to Pocahontas. These families are proud to claim their ties to Pocahontas. They call
her "Virginia's first lady."
In 1616 Rebecca and John Smith meets again in London. In 1616 Rebecca was 20, and John Smith was 38 years old.
During Pokahants`s visit to England, the King got interested in her and her husband because of money. They were rich thanks to the Virginan Tobacco. Though Kinf did not smoke, he liked the money came from tobacco.
John Smith gave the name New England to that area. Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"
Commonwealth of England: 1649-1660: Reolution was against the Scotish Stuarts. For more information click here
Oliver Cromwell: click here
Oliver Cromwell, captured King in Scotland, and executed Charles I in Scotland in 1649, because he had taken the treasure with him.
During Cromwell`s time there was no theater, no tobacco and no alcohol. People believed that Cromwell was very religious. They were called puritans by the people. However puritans did not call themselves puritans among themselves. They called themselves saints.
John Milton was Oliver Cromwell`s secretary. After 1660 John Milton wrote a book. He was a blind man., and he was Cromwell`s Latin secretary. He was blind, but he was not born blind.
